Writing the Synthesis Essay. Your synthesis should be organized so that others can understand the sources and evaluate your comprehension of them and their presentation of specific data, themes, etc. Structure. The introduction: Write a statement that sums up the focus of your bibliographic essay (your thesis statement)Author: BrookeKingBrianHughes Sep 23, · A bibliographic essay is written to summarize and compare a number of sources on a single topic. The goal of this essay is not to prove anything about a subject, but rather to provide a general overview of the field. By looking through multiple books and articles, you can provide your reader with context for the subject you are studying, and recommend a few reputable sources on the topic. Example of a Bibliographic EssayAuthor: Julie Harston A few bibliographic essays appear in this inaugural issue of Theological Librarianship. It is hoped that the combination of this short exposition on the art and nature of the bibliographic essay and the examples provided by these essays will help to guide and inspire prospective contributors in this format. While the world may not have room toFile Size: 67KB
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Sample Bibliographic Essay History of Cartography. Sophia Garcia. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package Bibliographic essay examples paper. A short summary of this paper. Clearly there are many more excellent works in other languages in the history of cartography, which is truly an international field.
Interested readers should search the bibliographies of Imago Mundi for references to these, or consult the bibliographies on the Education pages of the Groupe des Cartothécaires of LIBER.
This essay provides an over-view of recent developments in the history of cartography, bibliographic essay examples, beginning with general works and resources, followed by an account of the age of discoveries, a watershed in the history of maps. The study then looks back to the precursors of the medieval and classical periods, bibliographic essay examples, reviews non-Western maps and the colonial period, bibliographic essay examples, and concludes with the technological revolution in mapmaking of the present time.
Most works are drawn from the last fifteen years, which have been dominated by the publication of the multivolume Bibliographic essay examples History of Cartography, edited by J. Brian Harley and David Woodward.
For example, we recognize the shape of a familiar landmass like Africa, whether it appears on a map, a coffee mug or on the back of a teenager's partly shaved head.
When our standard view is challenged, we are disturbed and angry. Showing the Australian map of the world with south on top provokes a roar of outrage from a college history class: "Turn it right side up! And there will be a bibliographic essay examples of future mapping, which may take forms as yet unimagined by us.
The field of the history of cartography has been transformed in the past two decades. A map has been traditionally defined by geographers as a "representation of things in space," a definition that implies a certain level of physical correspondence.
A new definition, according to Harley and Woodward, reads thus: "Maps are graphic representations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world.
Such artifacts as diagrams of imaginary cosmographies, landscape paintings, and "mental maps" may now be considered maps. The working out of this definition is seen in its widest form in Cartography in the Traditional African, American, bibliographic essay examples, Arctic, Australian and Pacific Societies volume 2, book 3 of History of Cartographywhich discusses the dreaming diagrams of the Australian aborigines, the cosmographic calendars of the Mayans, and ritual sand paintings of the Navajos.
These works are not "maps" in the traditional sense, but they do incorporate spatial relationships and individual places, often in terms of spiritual significance. Traditionally, the history of cartography had been dominated by geographers and was viewed as a triumphal march toward the increasingly accurate, measured maps of the present. Such a story culminates in the use of precise tools, aerial bibliographic essay examples, satellite mapping, and Geographic Information Systems, bibliographic essay examples.
The maps of the past tended to be discounted as crude and clumsy approximations of "real" space, bibliographic essay examples. Not that these early map historians were slipshod-despite the changes in the orientation of the field, classics, such as books by Raymond Beazley The Dawn of Modern Geographybibliographic essay examples, George Kimble Geography in the Middle Agesand John Wright The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusadesstill have much to teach us in their careful examinations of individual maps.
As historians of cartography have moved away from geographical accuracy as the chief quality of a map, they examine instead maps in themselves. What was the mapmaker intending to show? Is it possible that measurement was not particularly important and that some other consideration shaped the map in question? Editors Harley and Woodward address these questions in Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean volume 1 of The History of Cartographywhich appeared in and pulls bibliographic essay examples the research of many scholars of the preceding decades.
Its effect can hardly bibliographic essay examples underestimated, judging from the burgeoning research that has followed its publication.
Volume 2 is published in three parts: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, Cartography in Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, and the bibliographic essay examples on traditional non-European societies cited above. Volume 3, on the cartography of the European Renaissance, will be issued shortly. Subsequent volumes will take the history up to the present time. The field of the history of cartography has attracted scholars from a number of academic fields.
Art and Cartography, a selection of essays edited by Woodward, bibliographic essay examples, is a particularly interesting illustration of the cross-fertilization of academic fields. Top of page General Works At present there is no comprehensive one-volume history of cartography.
Leo Bagrow's classic History of Cartography, enlarged and revised by R. Skelton inwas the last attempt, bibliographic essay examples, and now the multivolume History of Cartography, cited above, appears to be its replacement. The best brief introduction is by Norman J. Thrower, a geographer and cartographer, is most insightful on the modern period, where his mastery of the techniques of mapmaking is supreme.
The book includes a helpful appendix with a glossary of mapping terms. Peter Whitfield's The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps is less scholarly but has an excellent selection of color illustrations. Bibliographic essay examples Snyder's Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections is a general book about a more specialized subject. Snyder deals with the eternal problem of representing a more or less spherical Earth on a plane surface and describes various solutions that have been found.
This is an excellent introduction to an important subject in cartography, bibliographic essay examples the type of projection chosen can radically alter the appearance and meaning of the map.
Catherine Delano-Smith and Roger Kain's English Maps: A History serves as a good overview of the field, although its subject is limited to maps made in England or for English use.
The authors offer a comprehensive view of mapmaking and map use from the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century, putting maps into their cultural bibliographic essay examples political context. For reference there is the useful Cartographical Innovations: An International Handbook of Mapping Terms tobibliographic essay examples, edited by Helen Wallis and Arthur Robinson.
The book is made up of a series of brief essays on the terms, each followed by a bibliography. General categories include types of maps, maps of human occupations and activities, maps of natural phenomena, reference systems and geodetic concepts, symbolism, techniques and media, methods of duplication, and atlases. Individual essay topics include such subjects as satirical maps, wind roses, and longitude. Another good reference book is the regularly updated Who's Who in the History of Cartography, edited by Mary Alice Lowenthal.
Primarily a guide to people working in the field, it also includes a useful introductory section, including a general bibliography, a list of important research centers and map collections, and a list of journals. Since the history of cartography is an international field, one expects many of these sources to be in languages other than English. Top of page Journals and Web Bibliographic essay examples The flagship journal in the field is the venerable Imago Mundi, founded in and now into its 53rd volume.
A list of the contents throughout its history can be found at the Imago Mundi Web site. Among other useful journals is Terrae Incognitae, published by the Society for the History of Discoveries, bibliographic essay examples. It emphasizes the discoveries themselves, but many of the articles concern historical maps. The product of the Smith Center at the Newberry Library in Chicago, Mapline carries brief articles along with news about lecture series and information on the library's collections.
The Washington Map Society publishes The Portolan, which is issued three times a year, and includes longer articles and an excellent annual bibliography. A bibliographic essay examples popular publication is the bimonthly Mercator's World, which absorbed the journal Map Collector in It publishes nonacademic i.
Though the publication has an impressive board of directors, the articles are not always carefully edited-caveat lector! Mercator's World is directed at collectors as well as scholars and contains bibliographic essay examples on map auctions and sales, an important inclusion since map collectors play a significant role in the field of the history of cartography, bibliographic essay examples. Some are scholars in their own right, and some have generously supported the academic world with lecture series, fellowships, and gifts to map libraries.
The main discussion list on the Internet is MapHist, founded in and monitored by David Cobb, librarian at Harvard University. Copies of the complete discussions on CD-ROM, with convenient index, are sold periodically, bibliographic essay examples.
For subscription and other information see the MapHist homepage}. The list broadcasts announcements of conferences, fellowships, and new books, as well as lively debates on map-related topics. Participants include map dealers, librarians, college and university professors, bibliographic essay examples, graduate students, and amateur enthusiasts.
The Web has two principal gatekeeper sites that provide links to many other sources. This site includes a general introduction to the subject as well as news and guides to library collections and map dealers. A recently added link directs one to articles and books posted on the Web. There is also an e-journal, MapForum, which has published ten issues so far. Though these are excellent sites, the problem inherent in studying the history of cartography on the Internet is the generally poor quality of map reproductions.
Perhaps this will change in the future, but at the moment one should not depend on Internet images, which take a long time to download and are usually blurred and often unreadable. Some sites are experimenting with new technology, but the software even if free takes hours to download and may tax the memories of some computers.
Some sites, such as the Benson Latin American Collection at the University of Texas, forbid printing, making the maps difficult to study.
At present there is no substitute for seeing a map in the original or in good facsimile. Top of page Cartographic Theory New theoretical approaches to the history of cartography can be found in The History of Cartography, bibliographic essay examples, particularly Harley's opening essay in volume 1. Harley is also the author of "Maps, Knowledge and Power" in The Iconography of Landscape, edited by Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels.
Here he makes clear the way that maps, rather bibliographic essay examples being objective sources of information, can be used to establish control, a theme now being expanded on by writers in specialized historical fields. Mappings, edited by Denis Cosgrove, includes a selection of articles across the historical spectrum, mostly incorporating postmodernist theory. Soon to appear in English translation from the University of Chicago Press is Christian Jacob's L'Empire des Cartes: Approche théorique de la cartographie à travers l'histoire [Editor's update, May - the details are: Christian Jacob, The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography throughout History.
Translated by Tom Conley. Edited by Edward H. University of Chicago Press, ]. Trained as a classicist, Jacob ranges over the entire field of cartography, drawing examples from every period of history. The term "mapping" is sometimes used so broadly by literary scholars in particular that a geographer would hardly recognize his original artifact, bibliographic essay examples.
An example is Tom Conley's The Self-Made Map. This work, set in early modern France, does discuss such cartographers as Oronce Finé, but it ranges into the cartographic writing of Rabelais, the arrangement of words on a page in printed texts, and the design of capital letters.
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Bibliographic Essay: History of Cartography 06/08/, 5+07 PM WWW-Virtual Library: History Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject HOME Reading What the complete WHAT'S (main Suggestions INDEX site is SITEMAP NEW menu) menu ABOUT Bibliographic Essay: History of Cartography by Evelyn Edson, professor of history at Estimated Reading Time: 10 mins Sep 23, · A bibliographic essay is written to summarize and compare a number of sources on a single topic. The goal of this essay is not to prove anything about a subject, but rather to provide a general overview of the field. By looking through multiple books and articles, you can provide your reader with context for the subject you are studying, and recommend a few reputable sources on the topic. Example of a Bibliographic EssayAuthor: Julie Harston A few bibliographic essays appear in this inaugural issue of Theological Librarianship. It is hoped that the combination of this short exposition on the art and nature of the bibliographic essay and the examples provided by these essays will help to guide and inspire prospective contributors in this format. While the world may not have room toFile Size: 67KB
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